Difference between revisions of "Aufgaben:Problem 9"
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==Task== | ==Task== | ||
Let \(U \subset \mathbb{R}^n\) be a domain. Assume that \(g\) is a Riemannian metric field on \(U\). | Let \(U \subset \mathbb{R}^n\) be a domain. Assume that \(g\) is a Riemannian metric field on \(U\). | ||
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=== a) === | === a) === | ||
− | $$\nabla_k g_{ij} = \partial_k g_{ij} - g_{nj} \Gamma^n_{ | + | $$\nabla_k g_{ij} = \partial_k g_{ij} - g_{nj} \Gamma^n_{ki} - g_{in}\Gamma^n_{kj} =$$ |
$$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - g_{nj}(\frac{1}{2} g^{np}(\partial_k g_{ip} + \partial_i g_{kp} - \partial_p g_{ki})) - g_{in}(\frac{1}{2} g^{nq}(\partial_k g_{jq} + \partial_j g_{kq} - \partial_q g_{kj})) =$$ | $$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - g_{nj}(\frac{1}{2} g^{np}(\partial_k g_{ip} + \partial_i g_{kp} - \partial_p g_{ki})) - g_{in}(\frac{1}{2} g^{nq}(\partial_k g_{jq} + \partial_j g_{kq} - \partial_q g_{kj})) =$$ | ||
− | from the symmetry of \( g_{ij} \) and from: \( g_{ki}g^{ij} = g^{ji}g_{ik} = \delta^ | + | from the symmetry of \( g_{ij} \) and from: \( g_{ki}g^{ij} = g^{ji}g_{ik} = \delta^j_k \) we obtain: |
$$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - \frac{1}{2} \delta^p_j(\partial_k g_{ip} + \partial_i g_{kp} - \partial_p g_{ki}) - \frac{1}{2} \delta^q_i(\partial_k g_{jq} + \partial_j g_{kq} - \partial_q g_{kj}) = $$ | $$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - \frac{1}{2} \delta^p_j(\partial_k g_{ip} + \partial_i g_{kp} - \partial_p g_{ki}) - \frac{1}{2} \delta^q_i(\partial_k g_{jq} + \partial_j g_{kq} - \partial_q g_{kj}) = $$ | ||
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using the product rule (and swappig the terms around): | using the product rule (and swappig the terms around): | ||
− | $$= \frac{1}{\sqrt{\det g}} \Big( \sqrt{\det g} | + | $$= \frac{1}{\sqrt{\det g}} \Big( \sqrt{\det g} g^{ij} \partial_j \partial_i +\sqrt{\det g} \partial_j (g^{ij}) \partial_i +\partial_j\Big(\sqrt{\det g}\Big) g^{ij} \partial_i)\Big) f$$ |
using the Claim: \(\partial_j \det g = (\det g) tr \Big(g^{-1}\partial_j g \Big) = (\det g) (g^{kl}\partial_j g_{lk})\) | using the Claim: \(\partial_j \det g = (\det g) tr \Big(g^{-1}\partial_j g \Big) = (\det g) (g^{kl}\partial_j g_{lk})\) | ||
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notice that if we pull all the sums apart again we can switch \((\partial_j g_{ki})\) to \((\partial_i g_{kj})\) as the only other \(i,j\) term in that sum would be \(g^{ij}\) which is symmetric. Then the second term is Cristoffel: | notice that if we pull all the sums apart again we can switch \((\partial_j g_{ki})\) to \((\partial_i g_{kj})\) as the only other \(i,j\) term in that sum would be \(g^{ij}\) which is symmetric. Then the second term is Cristoffel: | ||
− | $$= g^{ij} \Big(\partial_i \partial_j f - \ | + | $$= g^{ij} \Big(\partial_i \partial_j f - \partial_l f \Gamma^l{}_{ij}\Big) = g^{ij} \nabla_i (\partial_j f)$$ |
==Problem 9 (Craven) == | ==Problem 9 (Craven) == | ||
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===b=== | ===b=== | ||
Insert the definition of the covariant derivative, define \(\partial_j f := f_j\): | Insert the definition of the covariant derivative, define \(\partial_j f := f_j\): | ||
− | $$ | + | |
− | g^{ij}\nabla_i f_j = g^{ij}\partial_i f_j - \frac{1}{2}g^{lk}g^{ij}\left(g_{ijl}+g_{jli} - g_{lij}\right)f_k | + | $$g^{ij}\nabla_i f_j = g^{ij}\partial_i f_j - \frac{1}{2}g^{lk}g^{ij}\left(g_{ijl}+g_{jli} - g_{lij}\right)f_k$$ |
− | $$ | + | |
Since we sum over i, j by symmetry of the indices \(g^{ij}g_{ijl} = g^{ij}g_{jli} \) thus this is equal to the expression | Since we sum over i, j by symmetry of the indices \(g^{ij}g_{ijl} = g^{ij}g_{jli} \) thus this is equal to the expression | ||
− | $$ | + | |
− | g^{ij}\partial_i f_i - g^{ij}g_{ijl}g^{lk}f_k + \frac{1}{2}g^{ij}g_{lij}g^{lk}f_k | + | $$g^{ij}\partial_i f_i - g^{ij}g_{ijl}g^{lk}f_k + \frac{1}{2}g^{ij}g_{lij}g^{lk}f_k$$ |
− | $$ | + | |
We now calculate with the other expression given: | We now calculate with the other expression given: | ||
− | $$ | + | |
− | \sqrt{\det{g}}^{-1}\partial_l\left(\sqrt{\det{g}}g^{lk}f_k\right)=\frac{1}{2\det{ | + | $$\sqrt{\det{g}}^{-1}\partial_l\left(\sqrt{\det{g}}g^{lk}f_k\right)=\frac{1}{2\det{g}}\left(\partial_l \det{g}\right)g^{lk}f_k + \partial_l g^{lk}f_k + g^{lk}\partial_l f_k$$ |
− | $$ | + | |
Now what is left is to calculate the partial derivative of the determinant. By the chain rule we get: | Now what is left is to calculate the partial derivative of the determinant. By the chain rule we get: | ||
$$ | $$ | ||
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\end{align} | \end{align} | ||
$$ | $$ | ||
− | \(g_{ij} = \delta_{ij}, \chi = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}, g^{ij}=\delta^{ij} \) just as in the example given. \(\Gamma^l_{ij} = 0 \), since the metric \(I\) is constant. Now \(\partial_i \ln{\chi}=\partial_i(\ln{2}-\ln{1-|x|^2}) = \frac{2x_i}{1-|x|^2} \). We conclude: | + | \(g_{ij} = \delta_{ij}, \chi = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}, g^{ij}=\delta^{ij} \) just as in the example given. \(\Gamma^l_{ij} = 0 \), since the metric \(I\) is constant. Now \(\partial_i \ln{\chi}=\partial_i(\ln{2}-\ln{(1-|x|^2)}) = \frac{2x_i}{1-|x|^2} \). We conclude: |
$$ | $$ | ||
\tilde \Gamma^l_{ij} = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}\left(x_i\delta^l_j + x_j\delta^l_i - x_k\delta^{lk}\delta_{ij}\right) = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}\left(x_i\delta_{jl} + x_j\delta_{li} - x_l\delta_{ij}\right) | \tilde \Gamma^l_{ij} = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}\left(x_i\delta^l_j + x_j\delta^l_i - x_k\delta^{lk}\delta_{ij}\right) = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}\left(x_i\delta_{jl} + x_j\delta_{li} - x_l\delta_{ij}\right) | ||
$$ | $$ |
Latest revision as of 07:01, 3 August 2015
Contents
Task
Let \(U \subset \mathbb{R}^n\) be a domain. Assume that \(g\) is a Riemannian metric field on \(U\).
a) The covariant derivative \(\nabla_k\) acts on a \((0, 2)\)-tensorfield \(T_{lm}\) by $$\nabla_k T_{lm} = \partial_k T_{lm} − T_{im}\Gamma^i_{kl} − T_{li}\Gamma^i_{km},$$ where \(\Gamma^l_{ij}\) are the Christoffel symbols defined as $$\Gamma^l_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}g^{lk}(\partial_i g_{jk} + \partial_j g_{ik} − \partial_k g_{ij} ).$$ Show that $$\nabla_k g_{ij} = 0, \forall i, j, k \in \{1, ..., n\}.$$
b) Recall the Laplace-Beltrami operator \(L_g =\frac{1}{\sqrt{\det(g)}}\sum_{i,j}{\partial_j (\sqrt{\det(g)} g^{ij}\partial_i)}\). Show that
$$L_g(f) = g^{ij}\nabla_i(\partial_j f)$$
where \(f\) is a smooth function on \(U\).
Note: the covariant derivative \(\nabla_k\) acts on a covector field \(v_l(x)\) by \(\nabla_k v_l(x):=\partial_k v_l − v_i\Gamma^i_{kl}\).
c) Let \(\chi: U \to \mathbb{R}_{>0}\) be a strictly positive smooth function on \(U\), and let \(\tilde{g} = \chi^2 g\).
Show that the Christoffel symbols \(\tilde{\Gamma}^l_{ij}\) (tilde refers to metric \(\tilde{g}\)) are given by $$\tilde{\Gamma}^l_{ij}= \Gamma^l_{ij} + (\partial_i \log{ \chi})\delta^l_j + (\partial_j \log{\chi})\delta^l_i − g^{lk}(\partial_k \log{ \chi})g_{ij} .$$ Conclude that, if \(\bar{g} := \frac{4}{(1−|x|^2)^2}\mathbb{I}\), then $$\bar{\Gamma}^l_{ij}=\frac{2}{1 − |x|^2}(x_i\delta_{jl} + x_j\delta_{il} − x_l\delta_{ij} )$$
Solution
a)
$$\nabla_k g_{ij} = \partial_k g_{ij} - g_{nj} \Gamma^n_{ki} - g_{in}\Gamma^n_{kj} =$$ $$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - g_{nj}(\frac{1}{2} g^{np}(\partial_k g_{ip} + \partial_i g_{kp} - \partial_p g_{ki})) - g_{in}(\frac{1}{2} g^{nq}(\partial_k g_{jq} + \partial_j g_{kq} - \partial_q g_{kj})) =$$
from the symmetry of \( g_{ij} \) and from: \( g_{ki}g^{ij} = g^{ji}g_{ik} = \delta^j_k \) we obtain:
$$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - \frac{1}{2} \delta^p_j(\partial_k g_{ip} + \partial_i g_{kp} - \partial_p g_{ki}) - \frac{1}{2} \delta^q_i(\partial_k g_{jq} + \partial_j g_{kq} - \partial_q g_{kj}) = $$
$$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - \frac{1}{2} (\partial_k g_{ij} + \partial_i g_{kj} - \partial_j g_{ki}) - \frac{1}{2} (\partial_k g_{ji} + \partial_j g_{ki} - \partial_i g_{kj}) = $$
$$ = \partial_k g_{ij} - \frac{1}{2} (\partial_k g_{ij} + \partial_k g_{ji}) - \frac{1}{2} (\partial_j g_{ki} - \partial_i g_{kj} + \partial_i g_{kj} - \partial_j g_{ki} ) = 0 $$
again we used the symmetry of \( g_{ij} \) in the first bracket.
b)
Claim: \(\partial_j \det g = (\det g) tr \Big(g^{-1}\partial_j g \Big)\)
Proof: We know that \(g\) is symmetric and therefore diagonalisable. \(\det g = \det (T^{-1}AT) = \det A\) where \(A\) is diagonal:
(Note that \(A_{ii} > 0\) since \(g\) is also positive definite \(\Leftrightarrow\) the eigenavalues of \(g\) are strictly positiv)
\begin{align} \partial_j \det g &= \partial_j \det A = \partial_j \prod_{i=1}^n A_{ii} = \sum_{k = 1}^n \prod_{i=1}^n \frac{A_{ii}}{A_{kk}} \partial_j {A}_{kk} = \prod_{i=1}^n A_{ii} \sum_{k = 1}^n \frac{\dot{A}_{kk}}{A_{kk}}\\ &= \det A \sum_{k = 1}^n \frac{\dot{A}_{kk}}{A_{kk}} = \det A \sum_{k = 1}^n (A^{-1}\dot A)_{kk} = \det A\ tr( A^{-1} \partial_j{A})\\ &= \det g\ tr(A^{-1} \partial_j{A}) \overset{!}{=} \det g\ tr(g^{-1} \partial_j{g}) \end{align}
proving the last part separately (You can easily verify that the product rule holds for matrices):
\begin{align} tr(g^{-1} \partial_j(g)) &= tr(g^{-1} \partial_j(T^{-1}AT))\\ &= tr( T^{-1} A^{-1}T (\dot{T^{-1}}AT + T^{-1}\dot{A}T + T^{-1}A\dot{T})\\ &= tr((AT)^{-1}T \dot{T^{-1}}AT) + tr(T^{-1} A^{-1}\dot{A}T) + tr(T^{-1} A^{-1}A\dot{T})\\ &= tr(T \dot{T^{-1}}) + tr(A^{-1}\dot{A}) + tr(T^{-1} \dot{T})\\ &= tr(-\dot{T} T^{-1}) + tr(\dot{A} A^{-1} ) + tr(T^{-1}\dot{T})\\ &= -tr( T^{-1} \dot{T}) + tr(\dot{A} A^{-1} ) + tr(T^{-1}\dot{T})\\ &= tr( A^{-1}\dot{A}) \end{align}
where I used that \(T\dot{T^{-1}} = -\dot{T} T^{-1}\). And the fact that the trace is invariant under conjugacy.
\(\square\)
Now we can prove (b):
$$L_g(f) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\det g}} \partial_j(\sqrt{\det g} g^{ij} \partial_i) f$$
using the product rule (and swappig the terms around):
$$= \frac{1}{\sqrt{\det g}} \Big( \sqrt{\det g} g^{ij} \partial_j \partial_i +\sqrt{\det g} \partial_j (g^{ij}) \partial_i +\partial_j\Big(\sqrt{\det g}\Big) g^{ij} \partial_i)\Big) f$$
using the Claim: \(\partial_j \det g = (\det g) tr \Big(g^{-1}\partial_j g \Big) = (\det g) (g^{kl}\partial_j g_{lk})\)
$$= g^{ij} \partial_j \partial_i f + (\partial_j g^{ij})\partial_i f + \frac{1}{2} (g^{kl}\partial_j g_{lk}) g^{ij} \partial_i f $$
with the product rule: \((\partial_j g^{-1}) = - g^{-1}(\partial_j g) g^{-1}\). In particular: \(\partial_j g^{ij} = -g^{ik} (\partial_j g_{kl}) g^{lj}\) (Notice that calling the summation indecies \(k\) and \(l\) is allowed, as it just combines the sums, which is possible as all indices run from \(1\) to \(n\))
$$= g^{ij} \partial_i \partial_j f -g^{ik} (\partial_j g_{kl}) g^{lj}\partial_i f + \frac{1}{2} g^{kl}(\partial_j g_{lk}) g^{ij} \partial_i f $$
Now some indecie swapping: In the second part: \( l \leftrightarrow i\) and in the third part \( l \leftrightarrow i\) and \( k \leftrightarrow j\) (We can do this by seperating the sums, swapping indecies and then putting them back together)
$$= g^{ij} \partial_i \partial_j f -g^{lk} (\partial_j g_{ki}) g^{ij}\partial_l f + \frac{1}{2} g^{ji}(\partial_k g_{ij}) g^{lk} \partial_l f $$
$$= g^{ij} \Big(\partial_i \partial_j f -g^{lk} (\partial_j g_{ki}) \partial_l f + \frac{1}{2} (\partial_k g_{ij}) g^{lk} \partial_l f \Big) $$
$$= g^{ij} \Big(\partial_i \partial_j f - \partial_l f \frac{1}{2} g^{lk} \big( (\partial_j g_{ki}) + (\partial_j g_{ki}) -(\partial_k g_{ij}) \big) \Big) $$
notice that if we pull all the sums apart again we can switch \((\partial_j g_{ki})\) to \((\partial_i g_{kj})\) as the only other \(i,j\) term in that sum would be \(g^{ij}\) which is symmetric. Then the second term is Cristoffel:
$$= g^{ij} \Big(\partial_i \partial_j f - \partial_l f \Gamma^l{}_{ij}\Big) = g^{ij} \nabla_i (\partial_j f)$$
Problem 9 (Craven)
\(\partial_k g_{lm} := g_{klm}\)
a
$$ \begin{align} \nabla_k g_{lm} &= g_{klm} - g_{mi}\Gamma^{i}_{km} \\ &= g_{klm} - \frac{1}{2} \overbrace{g_{mi}g^{ip}}^{\delta^{p}_{m}}\left(g_{klp}+g_{lpk}-g_{pkl})\right) - \frac{1}{2} \overbrace{g_{li}g^{ip}}^{\delta^{p}_{i}}\left(g_{kmp} + g_{mpk} - g_{pkm}\right) \\ &= g_{klm} - \frac{1}{2}\left(g_{klm} + g_{lmk} - g_{mkl}\right)-\frac{1}{2}\left(g_{klm}+g_{mlk}-g_{lkm}\right) = 0 \end{align} $$
b
Insert the definition of the covariant derivative, define \(\partial_j f := f_j\):
$$g^{ij}\nabla_i f_j = g^{ij}\partial_i f_j - \frac{1}{2}g^{lk}g^{ij}\left(g_{ijl}+g_{jli} - g_{lij}\right)f_k$$
Since we sum over i, j by symmetry of the indices \(g^{ij}g_{ijl} = g^{ij}g_{jli} \) thus this is equal to the expression
$$g^{ij}\partial_i f_i - g^{ij}g_{ijl}g^{lk}f_k + \frac{1}{2}g^{ij}g_{lij}g^{lk}f_k$$
We now calculate with the other expression given:
$$\sqrt{\det{g}}^{-1}\partial_l\left(\sqrt{\det{g}}g^{lk}f_k\right)=\frac{1}{2\det{g}}\left(\partial_l \det{g}\right)g^{lk}f_k + \partial_l g^{lk}f_k + g^{lk}\partial_l f_k$$
Now what is left is to calculate the partial derivative of the determinant. By the chain rule we get: $$ \partial_l \det{g} = d\det_{g}{\partial_lg} $$ Now we have to determine the linear map \(d\det_g{X}\) that takes an element of the tangential space \(X\) and maps it to a scalar. For this we use a suitable curve. By the chain rule if \(\phi(0) = \psi(0), \phi'(0) = \psi'(0)\) then \(\frac{d}{dt}_{t=0}\det{\phi(t)}\). Thus we pick the curve \(ge^{g^{-1}Xt} = \phi(t)\). Inserting, using matrix identities and taking the derivative gives us \(d\det_g{\partial_l g} = \det{g}~\text{tr}(g^{-1}\partial_lg) = \det{g}g^{ij}g_{lij}\). Thus we get the expression: $$ \frac{1}{2} g^{ij}g_{lij}g^{lk}f_k+\partial_lg^{lk}f_k + g^{lk}\partial_lf_k $$ Thus all that is left to show is that \(\partial_lg^{lk}f_k = -g^{ij}g_{ijl}g^{lk}f_k\).
\(gg^{-1}\) and from product rule we get \( (\partial_mg)g^{-1} + g(\partial_mg^{-1}) = 0 \Rightarrow -g^{-1}\partial_mgg^{-1}=\partial_mg^{-1}\). Inserting indices gives us \( -g^{ij}g_{mjk}g^{kl} = \partial_mg^{il}\). Inserting \(m=i\) and summing over the index i gives us \(-g^{ij}g_{jkl}g^{kl}=\partial_ig^{il}\) thus the identity is proven.
c
$$ \begin{align} \begin{split} \tilde \Gamma_{ij}^{l} &= \frac{1}{2}\chi^{-2}g^{lk}\left(\partial_i\chi^2g_{jk} + \chi^{2}g_{ijk} + \partial_j\chi^{2}g_{ki} + \chi^2g_{jki}-\partial_k\chi^2g_{ij}- \chi^2g_{kij}\right) \\ &=\overbrace{\frac{1}{2}g^{lk}\left(g_{ijk} + g_{jki}-g_{kij}\right)}^{\Gamma^{l}_{ij}} + \overbrace{\frac{1}{2}\chi^{-2}\partial_i\chi^2}^{\partial_i\ln{\chi}}\overbrace{g^{lk}g_{jk}}^{\delta^l_j}+\overbrace{\frac{1}{2}\chi^{-2}\partial_j\chi^2}^{\partial_j \ln{\chi}}\overbrace{g^{lk}g_{ki}}^{\delta^{l}_{i}} - \overbrace{-\frac{1}{2}\chi^{-2}\partial_k\chi^2}^{\partial_k \ln{\chi}}g^{lk}g_{ij} \\ &= \Gamma^{l}_{ij} + \partial_i\ln{\chi}\delta^l_j + \partial_j\ln{\chi}\delta^l_i - \partial_k \ln{\chi}g^{lk}g_{ij} \end{split} \end{align} $$ \(g_{ij} = \delta_{ij}, \chi = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}, g^{ij}=\delta^{ij} \) just as in the example given. \(\Gamma^l_{ij} = 0 \), since the metric \(I\) is constant. Now \(\partial_i \ln{\chi}=\partial_i(\ln{2}-\ln{(1-|x|^2)}) = \frac{2x_i}{1-|x|^2} \). We conclude: $$ \tilde \Gamma^l_{ij} = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}\left(x_i\delta^l_j + x_j\delta^l_i - x_k\delta^{lk}\delta_{ij}\right) = \frac{2}{1-|x|^2}\left(x_i\delta_{jl} + x_j\delta_{li} - x_l\delta_{ij}\right) $$